Figure 2

China’s share of global refining

China’s share of global refining0%25%50%75%100%Gallium: 98.6%Gallium98.6%Graphite: 95.2%Graphite95.2%Manganese: 95%Manganese95%Magnesium: 89.4%Magnesium89.4%Rare earths: 87.8%Rare earths87.8%Bismuth: 82.1%Bismuth82.1%Cobalt: 81.7%Cobalt81.7%Tellurium: 76.8%Tellurium76.8%Silicon: 75.6%Silicon75.6%Germanium: 73.9%Germanium73.9%Antimony: 73.5%Antimony73.5%Titanium: 70.3%Titanium70.3%Lithium: 69.2%Lithium69.2%Metallurgical Coal: 68%Metallurgical Coal68%Indium: 67.6%Indium67.6%Scandium: 61.9%Scandium61.9%Vanadium: 59%Vanadium59%Aluminum: 58.8%Aluminum58.8%Zinc: 49.6%Zinc49.6%Tin: 49.4%Tin49.4%Chromium: 49.4%Chromium49.4%Lead: 43.9%Lead43.9%Copper: 41.5%Copper41.5%Arsenic: 39%Arsenic39%Nickel: 28%Nickel28%

Source: USGS; European Commission, RMIS; IEA, Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025.

Most recent available year varies by mineral; unavailable entries are omitted. Graphite refers to battery-grade graphite; manganese refers to high-purity manganese sulfate.

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